{"id":178,"date":"2016-01-30T12:54:52","date_gmt":"2016-01-30T12:54:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/?page_id=178"},"modified":"2016-04-10T16:55:12","modified_gmt":"2016-04-10T16:55:12","slug":"the-demand-side","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/it\/do-i-want-to-assess-an-existing-phs-policy\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place\/the-important-features-of-phs\/the-demand-side\/","title":{"rendered":"La domanda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/31-2.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1390\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1390\" src=\"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/31-2.png\" alt=\"3[1]\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/31-2.png 728w, https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/31-2-300x37.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 728px) 100vw, 728px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/it\/do-i-want-to-assess-an-existing-phs-policy\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place\/the-important-features-of-phs\/\" title=\"Le principali caratteristiche dei SPF\">Previous: Le principali caratteristiche dei SPF<\/a><\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong><em>Fruitori dei SPF<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>La <strong>domanda si compone di varie tipologie di fruitori, ad esempio di soggetti di varie et\u00e0<\/strong> (giovani genitori che necessitano di assistenza per i figli, o persone anziane) e di <strong>vari &#8220;stati&#8221;<\/strong> (attivi, lavoratori o pensionati). Vale la pena sottolineare che mirare a un gruppo di fruitori preciso spesso dipende dal tipo di servizio scelto. In generale, i principali gruppi di fruitori sono:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la popolazione attiva;<\/li>\n<li>gli anziani;<\/li>\n<li>le persone in stato di dipendenza;<\/li>\n<li>i genitori, specialmente donne che desiderano rientrare o ampliare la loro partecipazione al mercato del lavoro.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong><em>La scelta delle famiglie di ricorrere ai SPF: il processo decisionale individuale<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Per la teoria economica, la scelta delle famiglie di ricorrere ai SPF \u00e8 giustificata da un <strong>processo decisionale individuale<\/strong> (teoria della produzione domestica formulata da Becker, 1965). La teoria afferma che le famiglie dedicano tempo al lavoro retribuito, alla cura personale e al tempo libero. La ripartizione dei tempi fra questi tre tipi di attivit\u00e0 dipende dal valore di ciascuna. Stabilire il valore del lavoro retribuito \u00e8 relativamente semplice, poich\u00e9 basta considerare i salari del mercato del lavoro, mentre attribuire un valore alle attivit\u00e0 domestiche e del tempo libero \u00e8 pi\u00f9 difficile. La letteratura ha proposto varie opzioni.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il primo approccio alla valutazione della manodopera domestica si basa sul<strong> costo opportunit\u00e0<\/strong>. Il presupposto di questo primo approccio \u00e8 che quando un individuo sceglie di dedicarsi a del lavoro non pagato, quali attivit\u00e0 domestiche o del tempo libero, si preclude la possibilit\u00e0 di dedicare lo stesso tempo per svolgere del lavoro retribuito. In tal modo rinuncia al salario associato a quell&#8217;attivit\u00e0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Il secondo approccio \u00e8 quello del <strong>costo sostituzione<\/strong>, che attribuisce una quota del salario a servizi di manodopera che potrebbero essere acquistati dalla famiglia per l&#8217;esecuzione di lavori domestici.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In teoria, <strong>se il costo opportunit\u00e0 o il costo di sostituzione dell&#8217;esecuzione delle attivit\u00e0 domestiche \u00e8 inferiore al costo dell&#8217;esternalizzazione dei SPF al mercato formale o sommerso, la famiglia le eseguir\u00e0 personalmente<\/strong>. Nel caso del mercato formale, la famiglia esternalizzer\u00e0 i SPF quando il suo salario netto (orario) \u00e8 superiore al costo dell&#8217;esternalizzazione dei SPF, il quale, nella maggior parte dei casi, corrisponde al salario lordo del lavoratore SPF (superiore al salario netto a causa delle tasse). Nel caso del mercato sommerso, in assenza di tassazione, il raffronto andr\u00e0 invece fatto sulla base del salario netto del lavoratore SPF. Dunque il prezzo dei SPF \u00e8 fondamentale nel determinare la quantit\u00e0 di servizi erogati dal mercato sommerso e da quello formale.<\/p>\n<p>Questa teoria pu\u00f2 essere comunque &#8220;sfumata&#8221; tenendo conto del fatto che, nella pratica, molte famiglie preferiscono svolgere le attivit\u00e0 domestiche, e specialmente quelle assistenziali, al loro interno. Oltre al prezzo, infatti, molti altri parametri incidono sul loro processo decisionale (Orseu, 2013), fra cui:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>barriere culturali\/mancanza di accettazione sociale dell\u2019esternalizzazione dei SPF in alcuni paesi;<\/li>\n<li>reticenza ad accettare persone sconosciute in casa;<\/li>\n<li>reticenza ad assumersi il ruolo di datore di lavoro;<\/li>\n<li>difficolt\u00e0 nell&#8217;accedere ai servizi \/carico amministrativo, ubicazione, ecc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Inoltre, in termini di domanda, alcune attivit\u00e0 alla persona e alla famiglia presentano pi\u00f9 elasticit\u00e0 di prezzo rispetto ad altre, a seconda del loro grado di necessit\u00e0 (alcuni studi dimostrano, ad esempio, che le pulizie hanno prezzi meno elastici dello stiro).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><div class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/it\/do-i-want-to-assess-an-existing-phs-policy\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place\/the-important-features-of-phs\/the-supply-side\/\" title=\"L&#8217;offerta\">Next: L&#8217;offerta<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fruitori dei SPF La domanda si compone di varie tipologie di fruitori, ad esempio di soggetti di varie et\u00e0 (giovani [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":176,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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