{"id":361,"date":"2016-02-08T19:07:33","date_gmt":"2016-02-08T19:07:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/?page_id=361"},"modified":"2016-04-08T09:13:25","modified_gmt":"2016-04-08T09:13:25","slug":"the-demand-side","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/es\/do-i-want-to-design-a-new-phs-policy-en\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place-en\/the-important-features-of-phs-new\/the-demand-side\/","title":{"rendered":"El aspecto de demanda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/3.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-589\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-589\" src=\"http:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/3.jpg\" alt=\"3\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/3.jpg 728w, https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/3-300x37.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 728px) 100vw, 728px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/es\/do-i-want-to-design-a-new-phs-policy-en\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place-en\/the-important-features-of-phs-new\/\" title=\"Las caracter\u00edsticas importantes de los PHS\">Previous: Las caracter\u00edsticas importantes de los PHS<\/a><\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong><em>Usuarios de PHS<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>El <strong>aspecto de demanda consta de varios tipos de usuarios, que podr\u00edan ser, por ejemplo, de distintas edades<\/strong> (como padres j\u00f3venes que necesitan cuidados para sus ni\u00f1os o los ancianos) y <strong>que podr\u00edan tener distintos estatus<\/strong> (activos, empleados o jubilados). Conviene se\u00f1alar que centrarse en un grupo de usuarios suele ir ligado al tipo de servicios. En general, los principales grupos de usuarios posibles son:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La poblaci\u00f3n activa;<\/li>\n<li>Los ancianos;<\/li>\n<li>Personas dependientes;<\/li>\n<li>Padres, especialmente mujeres que desean reincorporarse o aumentar su participaci\u00f3n en el mercado laboral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong><em>Por qu\u00e9 los hogares eligen utilizar PHS: el proceso de toma de decisiones individual<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>En la teor\u00eda econ\u00f3mica, el <strong>proceso de toma de decisiones individual <\/strong>explica por qu\u00e9 los hogares utilizan PHS (teor\u00eda de producci\u00f3n del hogar que articul\u00f3 Becker; 1965). La teor\u00eda explica que los hogares emplean tiempo en ocio, cuidados personales y trabajos pagados. La asignaci\u00f3n de tiempo entre estos 3 tipos de actividades depender\u00e1 del valor de cada una. Evaluar el coste del trabajo pagado es relativamente directo, ya que pueden observarse los salarios en el mercado laboral, pero valorar el ocio y las actividades dom\u00e9sticas es m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil. En la bibliograf\u00eda se han propuesto varias opciones:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La primera t\u00e9cnica para valorar el trabajo dom\u00e9stico es la <strong>t\u00e9cnica de coste de oportunidad<\/strong>. Esta teor\u00eda se basa en la suposici\u00f3n de que cuando una persona elige realizar trabajo no remunerado, como ocio o actividades dom\u00e9sticas, se descarta la posibilidad de emplear ese tiempo en trabajo pagado. As\u00ed pues, la persona renuncia al salario asociado con esa actividad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>La segunda t\u00e9cnica es la de <strong>coste de sustituci\u00f3n<\/strong>, que imputa una tarifa salarial por servicios laborales que puede comprar el hogar por trabajo dom\u00e9stico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En teor\u00eda, un <strong>hogar realizar\u00e1 actividades dom\u00e9sticas si el coste de oportunidad o sustituci\u00f3n de realizarlas es menos costoso que externalizar PHS en el mercado formal o no declarado<\/strong>. Respecto al mercado formal, un hogar externalizar\u00e1 PHS cuando su salario neto (por hora) sea superior al precio de externalizar PHS, que principalmente equivale al salario bruto del trabajador de PHS (que es superior a su salario neto por los impuestos). Respecto al mercado no declarado, la comparaci\u00f3n tendr\u00e1 en cuenta el salario neto de los trabajadores, dada la ausencia de impuestos. Por lo tanto, la determinaci\u00f3n del precio de PHS es clave para determinar la cantidad de PHS prestados en el mercado formal y no declarado.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo, esta teor\u00eda puede matizarse por el hecho de que, en la pr\u00e1ctica, muchos hogares prefieren realizar ellos mismos las actividades dom\u00e9sticas, especialmente las de cuidados. Aparte del precio, existen tambi\u00e9n <strong>muchos otros par\u00e1metros<\/strong> que entran en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los hogares (Orseu, 2013), como:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Las barreras culturales y la falta de aceptaci\u00f3n social de externalizar PHS en algunos pa\u00edses;<\/li>\n<li>Dificultades para aceptar a una persona desconocida dentro del hogar;<\/li>\n<li>Dificultades para asumir el papel del empleador;<\/li>\n<li>Dificultades para acceder a los servicios (cargas administrativas, ubicaci\u00f3n, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, la demanda de algunas actividades de PH se amolda m\u00e1s al precio que otras, en funci\u00f3n de su grado de necesidad (por ejemplo, los estudios mostraron que limpiar es m\u00e1s el\u00e1stico en cuanto al precio que planchar).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><div class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/impact-phs.eu\/es\/do-i-want-to-design-a-new-phs-policy-en\/part-2-in-which-framework-do-phs-take-place-en\/the-important-features-of-phs-new\/the-supply-side\/\" title=\"El aspecto de oferta\">Next: El aspecto de oferta<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Usuarios de PHS El aspecto de demanda consta de varios tipos de usuarios, que podr\u00edan ser, por ejemplo, de distintas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":360,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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